Cadée & Wolf, 2013

Author(s):Cadée, G. C.. de Wolf, P.
Year:2013
Title:Belichnus traces produced on shells of the bivalve Lutraria lutraria by gulls
Journal:Ichnos
Volume:20
Number:1
Abstract

In February 2011, after a storm, thousands of adult, articulated, and still-living common otter shells Lutraria lutraria (L. 1758) were stranded on the North Sea beach of the Island Texel (NL). These 9 to12 cm long bivalves were rapidly found and consumed by both herring- and lesser black-backed gulls. Holes, irregular in outline, were observed in some 10% of the articulated shells of these bivalves. These holes were always smaller on the outside of the valves than on the inside and varied in size from 1 to 20 mm (outside) to 4 to 22 mm (inside). Often the other valve was crushed indicating consumption by gulls. We concluded that these holes were made by the gulls probing the shells; in a few cases, we observed that valves were broken starting from such a hole. Such traces are described in the literature as the ichnogenus Belichnus and were until now attributed to Stomatopoda only. We also suggest that a separate ichnospecies name for two Belichnus holes in one shell should not be used, as we see them simply as a double injury due to two blows. Our findings stress once more the importance of avoiding premature phylogenetic interpretation of traces and the use of a separate ichnotaxonomy.

Keywords:Aves, Bioerosion, Bivalvia, Neoichnology, Paleontology, Predation, Trace fossils
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2012.756813
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